Dominique Strauss-kahn Horoscope

Name	Dominique Strauss-kahn
Sex	Male
Date of Birth	25/04/1949
Day	Monday
Time of Birth	11:10:00 Hour
Istha	13:40:20 Ghati
City	Neuilly-sur-Seine
Country	France

Chalit and Niryan Bhava Chalit

Vimshottari Dasha

Balance of Dasha :Sat 9 Years 8 Months 2 Days

The configuration at the time of your birth was Cancer Ascendant ( Lagna ) on the rise with Virgo Navamsa and Cancer Dreskana in Pushya second Pad. This points to a promising and fruitful life.

You are intelligent, hard working, tenacious and honest. No doubt, you aspire for money, but not by dishonest means. Because of this, you can't stand people who are cheats. You will have good assets earned by dint of sheer hard work. You are fortunate in financial matters.

Fond of travelling, you will visit many holy places. A firm believer in Lord Almighty, you will take to learning about religious matters and render charitable service. You are assured of success in the material world. From the age of 36 you will be even more lucky.

Fairly tall, the upper part of your body will be more pronounced than the lower portion. You will have a wide face with a big mouth full of good teeth.

Starting with rather fragile health in your younger days, you will start picking up later and enjoy normal health, but with a minor snag. And that is: Because of your short temper and tension, you may invite hysteria and diseases connected with nervousness, against which you will have to take precautionary measures. Instead of being a glutton, better stick to controlled diet, avoiding the temptation of consuming liquor.

You will have a large circle of friends who admire your general ability and disposition. They will extend their all-out support to you and wish you well.

One of your very good qualities is to earn only by honest means and sincere and hard work. You won't tolerate dishonest people in your dealings. Maybe you will convert some of them to toe the right path.

For a person entirely dedicated to his spouse, you are not one to stick to do ya teen bus ! No doubt you love your spouse, but off and on you interfere in petty household matters and start finding fault with your partner. Better get over this irritating habit, which may result in unnecessary friction at home. If you look for your spouse from among those born under the Scorpio or Pisces signs, you will find an ideal match.

Normally, Cancerians will have a commercial career, dealing in professions like navy, shipping, irrigation, dams, bridges, etc. As they are self-reliant, they can, given the will, reach a position of trust like a minister of an administrator.

Barring Saturday, the rest of the week days are good for you. While Sunday and Friday you will have an easy, delightful time, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday will bring handsome returns.

Better go in for cream, white, yellow and red colours avoiding green and blue.

The numbers favourable to you are 4 and 6; those that are unfavourable are 3 and 5.

However, with the Sun in Scorpio in the seventh house, you may have a mixed fare. The indications are that you may encounter problems on the domestic front. You may not only incur financial losses through marriage, you may also have to accept the fact that you have a sickly, worried spouse. But later, after the age of 40, you can expect a good turn, securing fame, authority and monetary assets.

If you decide on entering business better do so all on your own, without negotiating a partnership. For, if you seek a partner, it will prove ruinous.

Moon in the 9th house makes you restless and you are always looking for new experiences. Later, in your life you may travel a lot just to experience as much of the world as possible.

Moon in the 9th house in Capricorn sign makes you very religious. You believe in the Almighty and perform Pooja regularly as a routine. You may go on pilgrimages. You will read various books on religious rites. You have a well developed intuitive power.

Your faith in God will enable you to lead a prosperous life. You are a fortunate native and will get fame and renown.

Moon's presence enables you to get pleasure and comforts through your grandchildren who will be healthy and educated. They will support you greatly and display great affection towards you.

Mars in Cancer in the 3rd house indicates that although you have a good memory, at times you fail to remember things. You will worry on account of your brothers and sisters.

Mars being in third house, indicates that though you will have various sources of communication like conveyance, radio, television, telephone and telecommunications, etc. You will incur many expenses on their account.

Though Taurus Lagna indicates that you will be very interested in music, mars takes away your interest in music and you will not be interested in music or in playing musical instruments. Nor will you be good at them.

For you, it will be a case of bad beginning and good ending. After experiencing a worried and difficult youth, things will start looking up soon after your marriage to a rich person, according to the indication provided by the presence of Mercury in Scorpio in the seventh house. But at the age of 48, your mind may be disturbed as the activities and behaviour of your spouse will not be to your liking. You will have to sort it out, by having a heart-to-heart talk with your life partner.

Endowed with a shrewd and calculative mind, you can emerge successful if you decide on entering into business. More benefits will accrue if you become a partner in a running concern.

Jupiter in the fifth house in Virgo sign places obstacles in the pursuit of education. You speak politely and gently. You may face some problems in connection with children in early age. But you are, in general, blessed with pleasure from children.

You do not adhere to traditions and may over-step the religious code. To others, you appear honest though you may not be so. This will help you to work out things to your advantage.

Thus, in brief, you are learned, intelligent, wealthy and famous. You will lead a comfortable and prosperous life. A fair degree of happiness and pleasure through children and associates is also indicated.

With Venus in Scorpio in the seventh house, the indications are that you are likely to have a delayed marriage. But the wait will be worth it, as you can expect to have a charming and good spouse who will wink at your misdeeds if only to have a happy home. The problem, however, is that you may not mend your behaviour which, to put it mildly, will be loathsome. You may take to vices and chase members of the opposite sex to satisfy your lust. In the process you may mix with bad company and tarnish your image.

Apart from marital unhappiness, you may also encounter difficulties in general, especially in business in which your partners will cheat you.

Saturn in Cancer sign in the 3rd house indicates that you have a sharp memory. You are bold and courageous. You aspire to be the head of your institution.

You will be fond of poems, songs and literature. You often travel and gain is indicated through these journeys.

Rahu in the 2nd house in Gemini sign tends to make you play with money and yet always short of liquid money. You will seek to gain money by easy means and will succeed. But you are prepared for hard work too, to gather wealth. There is a risk of being poisoned. Beware.

Although Taurus ascendant indicates a keen interest in the occult, because of this placement of Ketu, you are not in the least interested in the occult not even as a diversion.

Though Taurus ascendant indicates a lot of property Ketu does not let you inherit any property nor will you have any property of your own.

Although Taurus ascendant indicates that you will receive satisfactory dowry, Ketu reverses this and instead you will not get any dowry, which may make domestic life a slight burden for you.

You will live the average life span of the normal human being. A road accident however, could prove fatal for you.

Cancer Ascendant was on the rise at the time of your birth, which indicates that you are an unassuming individual with a moderate personality who will not attract undue attention at any gathering. Generally Cancerians are of average height, small hands and feet, but with a broad chest. Predominant on a round face will be full cheeks, denoting good health. Yet, as Cancer rules the chest and the stomach, you will have to take good care of your digestive system and the throat. Also, vigilance is essential to prevent possible affliction of the lungs, asthma, indigestion, rheumatism and nervousness. Not that these diseases are certain to affect you, but it would be prudent to be on guard against them by laying off liquor and sticking to a reasonable diet.

Your nature is such that you have a strong mental and moral fiber, but you are scared of any sign of physical danger. Normally you are talkative, but at the slightest hint of criticism, you become discreet and withdraw into a shell. This inferiority complex must be banished from your system if you have to make a mark in society. Give up a timid approach and get going with self-assurance which is bound to prove highly beneficial. You must exercise restraint on your temper which sometimes suddenly erupts without any provocation. Of course, your outbursts won't last long, as you cool down quickly.

It would serve Cancerians well if they, along with their material pursuits, develop their spiritual side also. This would, on the one hand, help steady their overworked mind, while on the other it would elevate them to a higher plane, from which they can take off to a better start in their subsequent life. As Cancer rules chest and stomach, try to avoid liquors and take precautions, against affectious of asthma.

At the time of your birth Leo sign was rising in the 2nd house. Sun being the lord of this sign indicates that you will not like to talk much. You main characteristic is the habit of silence. You will be interested in pleasurable pursuits and auspicious ceremonies. You become angry very quickly. You will try to keep absolute peace, harmony and happiness in the family.

You will inherit wealth and acquire costly jewellery, gems & others precious articles. You will acquire property and a good house. You should take care of your eyes. Your right eye will get affected. You are fond of good food and sweets. You have capability to convince others but you have your own obsessions. You wish to maintain family harmony and spend money for the welfare of your family.

Saturn in 2nd house in Leo sign indicates that you can hardly earn sufficient money to meet your daily requirements. You are fortunate enough to have some landed property. Your early life is a struggle in litigations and domestic disputes. You should guard against eye troubles.

At the time of your birth, Virgo sign was placed in the 3rd house. Mercury, being the lord of this sign indicates that you have a good, thorough mind, and you pay attention to details. So you can learn about subjects that require careful thinking and learning complicated techniques. The more intricate the techniques, the better you like them. Also you are likely to be good with your hands, because you work very carefully to reach a high standard of craftsmanship.

If you cannot do something well, you are not likely to do it at all. Whatever, you learn, you want to put to practical use, for you feel that everything you do should serve as a useful tool to get a job done.

You will be good at your studies, because you approach your work very carefully. As you get older, you will become very skilled at working with ideas and information. This is a very useful ability in library work, scholarship or any field that requires organizing and classifying ideas and data. Even while you are young, you may be fond of collecting and classifying things, such as stamps, shells, coins or the like.

You have a good memory. You are intelligent with a philosophical bent of mind. You are diplomatic and conventional. You possess leadership qualities. You are a good orator and have a good command of the language.

You will enjoy communication facilities like conveyance, postage facilities, telephone, television and telecommunications.

You love music, and songs. You may get renown in vocal music. You have a good voice. You entertain yourself with music, songs, cinema and opera.

You will undertake frequent journeys for financial gain. You will also travel to neighbouring counties.

You will get renown through public elections and by writing articles and books or through new inventions. You like reading newspapers, magazines and various kinds of books.

The general trend is that those born at a time when Scorpio was in the seventh house are fortunate humans, blessed with an excellent spouse and an enjoyable home. A devoted husband and a loving wife, the couple will make an ideal pair. This can be easily achieved if you marry a person born under the signs of Scorpio, Pisces, Virgo, Capricorn or Cancer.

Even though you are genuinely committed to the comfort, happiness and progress of your family, your spouse may have reservations about the sincerity of your affection. This is because, being an introvert, you don't publicly display your emotions. So, it is necessary for you to become an extrovert and openly express your affection time and again.

Desirous of enjoying a peaceful, pleasurable home, you will do all that is in your power to ensure it. You will not mind spending lavishly to see that all your family members are well dressed and appear decent and impressive in public.

Blessed with a harmonious domestic atmosphere, you will evince interest in the sweet things of life. That is why you will want to trade in scents, cosmetics, luxury goods and jewellery. But if you prefer service, then the professions that will suit you are those connected with finance, agriculture, music, pleasure resorts and ladies garments.

For you, it will be a case of bad beginning and good ending. After experiencing a worried and difficult youth, things will start looking up soon after your marriage to a rich person, according to the indication provided by the presence of Mercury in Scorpio in the seventh house. But at the age of 48, your mind may be disturbed as the activities and behaviour of your spouse will not be to your liking. You will have to sort it out, by having a heart-to-heart talk with your life partner.

Endowed with a shrewd and calculative mind, you can emerge successful if you decide on entering into business. More benefits will accrue if you become a partner in a running concern.

At the time of your birth, Sagittarius sign was placed in the eighth house. Jupiter, being the lord of this sign, the indications are that you will be interested in the occult science right from the beginning. An important element of your life will be thinking beyond the surface appearance of a situation to understand what is the meaning of such a situation. You love mysteries and by solving the mysteries you will develop a great understanding of life. You may also have intuitive insights. In fact, you are blessed with the power of intuition and prophetic.

Sometimes this placement indicates an interest in the supernatural and when you are older you will be attracted to spiritual and mystical views of the universe.

You are rich with all the comforts of life and inherit a lot of property and being shrewd and business minded you will lose no opportunity is using this property to your full advantage.

You will gain through marriage and prosperity through your partner as well as inheritance is clearly indicated. You will receive a lot of dowry when you get married. There will be no expense spared and you will benefit in terms of money, jewels, vehicle, household goods, etc. which will aid in making your married life prosperous and happy.

Further, you may gain unexpectedly through insurance claims though there will be no real damage involved.

Your chart does not indicate any major instance of robbery so there is no real cause for alarm. If at all, there will be minor thefts in which nothing of much value will be lost.

Similarly there will be no serious accident during your life. There may not even be a threat of one.

On the whole, you will enjoy good health and will live long. You may suffer from jaundice and liver trouble. Other disease indicated are gout, rheumatic pain, hip, fracture, lung trouble and pulmonary apoplexy.

Although Taurus ascendant indicates a keen interest in the occult, because of this placement of Ketu, you are not in the least interested in the occult not even as a diversion.

Though Taurus ascendant indicates a lot of property Ketu does not let you inherit any property nor will you have any property of your own.

Although Taurus ascendant indicates that you will receive satisfactory dowry, Ketu reverses this and instead you will not get any dowry, which may make domestic life a slight burden for you.

You will live the average life span of the normal human being. A road accident however, could prove fatal for you.

At the time of your birth, Capricorn sign was placed in the 9th house. Saturn is the lord of this sign. You may seem much older than your years. It is extremely important that your parents not require too much of you, because if you are forced to be too grown up too soon, it could eventually take away the element of joy in your life. You need youth too. Your standards are very high, and you may tend to be rather hard on yourself when you don't live up to your expectations.

Though you do not oppose religious rites and ceremonies, you do not have much interest in all these. You are also, not interested in reading religious literature. However, you have faith in the Almighty and observe fasts. You will perform daily Pooja or go to temples. What you are afraid of is investing money on these functions. You are interested in higher learning or other subjects. But Dharms and Bhagya are far from your thoughts.

You may not undertake many long journeys. Long journeys will not be fruitful for you not will they bring you financial gain.

You will be famous in your area because of your good behaviour and you will set a good example to others who will envy you and want to follow in your footsteps.

You have a well developed intuition. You believe in Karma. In your opinion, Bhagya is only an instrument through which materialistic achievements come about. Therefore you will advise others about Karma and noble deeds. As your age advances, you will be convinced that Karma has no meaning against Bhagya. Your Karma from your previous life will give you results in your middle age but your old age will be unfortunate and troublesome to you.

No pleasure is indicated through grandchildren. You will suffer through your grandchildren and other family members who will not support you.

Moon in the 9th house makes you restless and you are always looking for new experiences. Later, in your life you may travel a lot just to experience as much of the world as possible.

Moon in the 9th house in Capricorn sign makes you very religious. You believe in the Almighty and perform Pooja regularly as a routine. You may go on pilgrimages. You will read various books on religious rites. You have a well developed intuitive power.

Your faith in God will enable you to lead a prosperous life. You are a fortunate native and will get fame and renown.

Moon's presence enables you to get pleasure and comforts through your grandchildren who will be healthy and educated. They will support you greatly and display great affection towards you.

Those born when the Aquarius sign rising in the tenth house are invariably tight-fisted and given to hoarding money even at the cost of denying themselves comforts. The broad pattern outlined for them is taking up service in a big concern, becoming a CID officer or a film actor. If one were to decide on going into business, then the best area would be transport, followed by shipping and exports, civil and mine contracts, bricks, copper and steel, or mechanical engineering.

If you want to enter into politics, then you will have to bide your time. Wait until Saturn Dasa to take the plunge, for that period will be highly auspicious. Then you can hope to gain success not only in politics but also from government sources.

It is better to curb your gambling tendency and lead an honest and unselfish life, like your father. He has many good qualities which you too can emulate. Like, for instance, his dedication to work and his desire to be of assistance to the needy. He is intelligent, has sound reasoning faculty and determination to attend to his job with devotion.

At the time of your birth, Pisces sign was placed in the eleventh house. Jupiter is the lord of this sign.

You have many desires and since you are methodical, persevering, industrious, true, sincere and honest, you will be able to fulfil your desires. Whatever you aspire for, too, will come true.

The professions best suited for you are as a teacher, bank officer, lawyer and company secretary and you will gain financially from them. You will probably get handsome allowances, perks etc, even more so than what people normally get.

This placement indicates that you will have good luck with friends throughout your life and that you like being with others and having a good time.

Also, you are likely to seek friends who will show you new aspects of life, who can expose you to what you would never have seen otherwise. For this reason, your friends are often somewhat older and more experienced than you are, and as you get older, you are likely to play this same role for younger people.

Especially later in life, your friends will include educated people and businessmen who can do favours for you. As you go through life, you will grow and mature most rapidly through your friends and the groups you associate with. In society, too, you will encounter socially prominent people like high officials, ministers etc., who will help you get ahead socially or professionally.

Your chart indicates that you will have more elder brothers than elder sisters but it will be your elder brothers with whom you will share good relations and who will support you even in adverse situations.

You may suffer from gastric troubles, varicose veins or guinea worms. Affliction of bile and feet is denoted and diseases indicated are consumption, tuberculosis, tumours and mucous trouble.

Left ear troubles are indicated and possibly a disease connected with it which will cause you some discomfort and pain.

At the time of your birth, Aries sign was placed in the twelfth house Mars is the lord of this sign.

You have the ability to save, will accumulate and hoard money and never squander unnecessarily. Patience and perseverance form your basic nature. Of materialistic mind, you will get money from others. You are practical and will rise gradually, do not take chances, are absolutely not extravagant but save always and do not invest money in risky enterprises. You know the value of money and never waste.

Like the tortoise of the fable, you will reach your goal in the end. Because of your natural caution, your economic finances will only rise slowly throughout your life. There will be no dramatic successes in the stock market and no fabulous profits from risky investments.

Long term investments suit your personality and are recommended by the pattern of your stars. Consider real estate as an avenue for your surplus capital, especially land development deals. Chancy as they are, your habit of prolonged deliberation before acting will usually keep you on the safe side.

When you do spend money it will be on charitable and Samaritan acts of mercy like helping a needy person or in the contribution of charitable institutions.

You enjoy travelling and will do so. Foreign travel is definitely indicated in your chart probably connected with religion and on a religious mission. It could even be to help somebody. It is clear, however that what ever the purpose of the journey it will definitely be for a good cause. It is another thing of course that you will enjoy yourself tremendously seeing places of tourist interest when you can spare time from your acts of mercy.

Eye trouble is indicated. There may be some pain in the left eye for which early treatment is advised.

In the boy or the girl's horoscope when Mars is in ascendant, fourth house, seventh house, eighth house or twelfth house then it is called Manglik dosh.

At the time of your birth, Mars was placed in the seventh house in the Moon chart so you are a Manglik. But according to shastras the Manglik dosh is cancelled so it will give out more benefic results than malefic. Both of you will enjoy good health. You may become aggressive at times. But with Mars benefic effect your life will be flourished with wealth and luxuries.

With Mars' effect your marriage will be delayed but the ceremony will take place in a pleasant atmosphere. Both of you will enjoy good health. You will share mutual understanding and perfect vibes. You will lead a happily married life.

In your Moon chart Mars is placed in the seventh house so with its effect you will marry the girl of your choice. You will love and cooperate with each other. Mars is aspecting the tenth house so you will be able to attain high position and in the society you will be known as a respectable and dignified person. You will progress a lot in your field of work. Mars’ aspect over the first house indicates that you will enjoy good health but you will be aggressive at times. Mars is also aspecting the second house so your family life will be peaceful. You may go for higher education.

To make your married life happier you must marry either a non Manglik girl or a such Manglik girl whose Manglik dosh is properly cancelled in the Moon chart. In this case you will get the desired success in all fields. Luck will favour you in getting various luxuries and wealth.

But if in the Moon chart of the girl Mars is placed in the seventh house then avoid marrying her because Mars in the same houses of both the horoscopes gives out bad results. As a result of this your marital life will be disturbed and you will have health problems. But if Mars is in other houses then it will give out benefic results. There will be obstacles on your path of success. So get your horoscope thoroughly checked before getting married.

If all the 7 planets are situated between Rahu and Ketu then Kaal Sarp Yog is formed. According to the situation of Rahu in 12 houses of horoscope there are Kaal Sarp Yogas of 12 types. These are 1. Anant, 2. Kulik, 3. Vasuki, 4. Shankhpal, 5. Padma, 6. Mahapadma, 7. Takshak, 8. Karkotak, 9. Shankhchud, 10. Ghaatak, 11. Vishdhar, 12. Sheshnag The Kaal Sarp Yog is of two types- Ascending and Descending. If all the 7 planets are eaten away by Rahu's mouth then it is Ascending Kaal Sarp Yog. If all planets are situated in back of Rahu then Descending Kaal Sarp Yog is formed. The native having Kaal Sarp Yog suffers from certain shortcomings in life. The native does not get full reward of his talents. Normally the success in work is delayed. The native without any reason suffers from diseases that are not cured by medicine. Propiation of kaal sarp dosh becomes necessary to lead a normal life. Kaal Sarp Yog In Your Horoscope

Rahu in the 2nd house in Gemini sign tends to make you play with money and yet always short of liquid money. You will seek to gain money by easy means and will succeed. But you are prepared for hard work too, to gather wealth. There is a risk of being poisoned. Beware.

Important : Kindly note that worship of Kaal Sarp Yog is done only by wooden sandal. Don't use sindoor, roli (red lead) etc.

Kaal Sarp Yog Pooja can be done at Kalahasti Shiv Mandir near Tirupati Balaji or at any of the 12 Jyotirlings. Eg. Somnath Mandir in Saurashtra, Gujarat, Trimbakeshwar in Nasik, Maharashtra, Ujjain, Bheemashankar, Nageshwar, Rameshwar etc.

To obtain the full benefic effect of stone, wear it while Moon is waxing on the specified day and time. Wearing it in the specified Nakshatra enhances the benefic effects of the stone. Take the stone of a size specified or greater in fractions of 1 / 4 Ratti rejecting fractions of 3 / 4 Ratti like 4 - 1 / 4 Ratti.Get it studded in the specified metal such that it touches the finger from bottom.If you are already wearing a stone then avoid wearing a contradictory stone.Before wearing it light lamp and incense stick and meditate on your God.Clean the ring in fresh milk and then Ganga water. Perform pooja and recite the specified mantra 108 times.Then wear the stone in the specified finger.Women should wear on their left hand whereas men should wear in the right hand.After wearing the ring give alms as specified for that stone.

Your favourable Gemstone - Turquoise

Your ascendant is Taurus. The lord of this sign is Venus. Turquoise stone is worn for the planet Saturn. Saturn is the lord of the house of luck for those who are born in the Taurus ascendant. Favorable fortune is the prime requirement of life of the native. It fortune favors a person he gets full results of his efforts and his name and fame increases.

So it is very beneficial for the persons who are born with Taurus ascendant to give strength to their natal Saturn. Saturn can be strengthened by worshipping it in a prescribed way and by reciting proper mantra. Turquoise is recommended for Saturn.

When a person who is born in the Taurus ascendant or rashi wears Turquoise studded in ring he get happiness, prosperity and success in life. His fortune will shine and he will get success and prosperity. Saturn signifies service so by wearing Turquoise professionals can get fame and recognition in their field of activities and he gets full support of his superiors and bosses.

Saturn signifies nervous system of the native. So wearing Turquoise stone can be proved very much beneficial for those who are suffering from nervous troubles and joint pains.

Wear the ring studded with the Turquoise in the middle finger of right hand as this finger signifies Saturn in palmistry. This ring should be worn on Saturday as Saturn is the lord of this day. This ring should be worn in the evening in the hora of the Saturn. If this stone is worn in the constellations of Saturn Pushya, Anuradha, or Uttra Bhadrapada falling on Saturday it will be very much benefic.

Clean Turquoise ring with Ganga water and a mixture of milk, curd, honey, clarified butter and sugar. After this put blue or black cloth on the wooden platform and keep this ring on it. Light incense sticks, ghee lamp and dhoop in front of it and recite Shani Mantra 108 times to energize Turquoise ring. After this touch it with your head and wear in the middle finger of right hand.

Mantra of Saturn - Om Shun Shanishcharaye Namah.

Donate mustard oil, black urad, 1¼ meter length black cloth to get better results. Recite Saturn Mantra daily 108 times after having bath. Worship Shani Dev in Shani temple and offer mustard oil on the idol of lord Shani on Saturday. Read Shani Chalisa on Saturday.

Those who are born in the Taurus ascendant and wear Turquoise are blessed with favorable fortune, name, fame, power, position and happiness in life and lead a life of success and reputation.

Performing Remedial measures & wearing stone for a planet helps increase the positive aspects of the planets in the horoscope. Scientifically, recital of Mantra for a particular planet forms a protection layer around the man. Stone increases the benefic aspects by absorbing rays of the planet and flowing them into human body.

Normally a remedy is provided for the Major period lord Stone is worn for a weak ascendent, 9th or benefic houselord. When you should wear which stone or adopt which remedy is given in the following table along with its area of effectiveness. In each Major period three option of Stone are given. You can select any option by looking at the help you expect from the stone or remedy.