okjk.klh
ijaijk
vkSj vk/kqfudrk dk esy
jru
dqekj >k
okjk.klh 'kgj
mÙkjizns'k es vofLFkr gS] tks /kkfZZeZd] vk/;kfRed ,ao laLÑfr dk i;kZ;
gSA lalkj ds ,sfrgkfld LFkkuksa esa bldk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ijaijk vkSj
vk/kqfudrk ds e/; leUo; LFkkiuk ds fy, fo[;kr okjk.klh i;ZVu ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gas
Ákphu dky ls gh okjk.klh f'k{kk] laLd`fr]
bfrgkl] /keZ
vkSj dykvks dk dsanz fcanq jgk gSA fganw /kekZoyach ,slk ekurs gSa fd ;agk
vk;ss fcuk eks{k ugh feyrk( lkFk gh ;gka ftl O;fDr dh e`R;q gksrh
gS mls LoxZ izkfIr ds gksrh gSA ,slk Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd ;gka ,d ckj vkus
ls lHkh lkalkfjd ikiksa ls eqfä fey tkrh gSA
okjk.klh
'kgj mu LFkkuksa esa ls ,d gS tks Hkkjr dh lkSan;Zrk dks vius vakpy esa
lesVs gq, gSA ;g xaxk ds if'pe rV ij v/kZpanzkdkj vkdkj esa clk gqvk gSA
blds vkdkj dk vuqeku ukSdk fogkj ls vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA
n'kZuh;
LFky ?kkV % okjk.klh ;k cukjl esa yxHkx 100
ls vf/kd ?kkV gaSA ;gka ds ?kkVkas dks nks Hkkxkas ckaVk tk ldrk gS
% igyk ugkus dk ?kkV vkSj nwljk 'e'kku ?kkV gSA bu ?kkVksa esa n'kk'oes/k
?kkV] ef.kdfZ.Zkd ?kkV] vlh ?kkV] rqylh ?kkV vkSj guqeku ?kkV izqe[k
gSaA;s lHkh ?kkV xaxk ds rVorhZ {ks=ksa esa cus gq, gSaA lqcg ds le; bu ?kkVksa
ds lkSan;Z dh viuh vyx NVk gSA bu lHkh ?kkVksa ds lkSan;Z dk vkauUn ukSdk
fogkj ds }kjk fy;k tk ldrk gSA
fo'oukFk
th dk eafUnj % okjk.klh dk ;g lcls izfl) f'ko eafnj gSA bl eafnj ds lehi
,d Kkudwi gSsA bl eafUnj dk fUkekZ.k egkjkuh vfgY;kckbZ gksYdj us 1717
bZ0 esa djok;k FkkA iatkc ds egkjktk j.kthrflag us yxHkx 15.4
Åaps bl eh0 eafnj ds f'[kj dks laor esa 820
fdyksxzke Lo.kkZHkw"k.k iznku fd;kA
Kkuokih
efLtn % bl eafnj dk izkphu uke fo'os'oj eafnj gSA ysfdu eqxy 'kkld
vkSjaxtsc us bl eafnj dks /oLr djok dj] blds LFkku ij
efLtn dk fuekZ.k djok;kA oSls bl eafnj ds vo'sk"k vc Hkh
fo|eku gSa] tks bl efLtn ds if'peh nhokj ij Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ iM+rs
gaSA bl eafnj rFkk efLtn dh f'Yidyk bruh
HkO; gS fd i;ZVd dks viuh vksj vkkdf"kZr djrh vk jgh gSA
Hkkjr
ekrk eafnj % ;g eafnj] okjk.klh jsyos LVs'ku ls yxHkx ,d fdyksehVj dh nwjh
ij] egkRek xka/kh dk'kh fo|kihB esa gS] tks laxejej ds iRFkjksa ls rjk'k
dj cuk;k x;k gSA bldks ckcw f'ko izlkn xqIr us cuok;k FkkA bl eafnj dh [kkl
fo'ks"krk gS fd laxejej ds iRFkjksa dks bl izdkj ls yxk;k x;k gS fd
mlls Hkkjr dk ekufp= cu x;k gS] ftlesa ioZr dk fp=] eSnkuh {ks=] leqnz
vkfn dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
nqxkZ
eafnj % dk'kh fo'ofo|ky; ls ek= 2
fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij xaxk unh ds ml ikj iwoZ dk'kh ujs'k dk fdyk gS] ftlds
,d dksus esas ,d laxzgky; gS vkSj jkeuxj iM+ko ekxZ ds nkfguh vksj nqxkZ
eafnj gSA bls okuj eafnj Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA ;g eafnj iRFkjksa dh
dykd`fr;ksa ds fy, izfl) gSA
usikyh
eafnj % ;g eafnj yfyrk ?kkV ij fLFkr gS] ftls egkjkt usiky us cuok;k FkkA
blh fy, bls usikyh eafnj dgk tkrk gSA bl eafnj dks dkBokyk eafnj dgrs gaS]
D;ksafd ;g eafnj dk"B dk cuk gqvk gSA bl eafnj dh vf}rh; dk"B
dyk dks ns[kus ds fy, fo'o ds lHkh izkarksa ls i;ZVd vkrs gSaA bl eafnj dh
'kSyh usikyh gSA
dk'kh
fganw fo'ofo|ky; % ;g fo'ofo|ky; lalkj dk lcls cMk vkoklh; fo'ofo|ky; gSA
bl fo|ky; ds ifjlj esa Hkh ,d laxejej dk cuk gqvk fo'oukFk eafnj gSA
t;flag
os/k'kkyk % jktasnz ?kkV ls Åij dqN nwj tkus ij rFkk jsyos LVs'ku ls 6
fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij t;flag os/k'kkyk dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA bls egkjktk
lokbZ flag us 1600 bZ0 esa
cuok;k Fkk A bl os/k'kkyk esa fofHkUu çdkj ds ;a= gSa] ftlls xzgksa]u{k=ksa
ds fdz;kdykiksa dh tkudkjh çkIr
dh tk ldrh gSA
rqylh
ekul eafnj % bl eafnj dh nhokjksa
ij rqylh jkepfjrekul dh pkSikb;ka vkSj jkek;.k ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu çdkj
ds fp= vafdr gSa] tks jkekorkj dks izekf.kr djrh gSaA
gfj'panz ?kkV % ;g 'e'kku ?kkV gSA bl 'e'kku ?kkV dk laca/k jktk gfj'kpanz ls tqM+k gvk gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gSA fd ,d le; jktk gfj'kpanz us viuh lkjh laifÙk eqfu fo'okfe= dks uhaan esa nku dj nh vkSj dtZ pqdkus ds fy, mUgsa vius ifjokj lesr dk'kh esa fcduk iM+k Fkk vkSj gfj'kpanz th dks dkyq Mkse us [kjhn dj 'e'kku ?kkV ij yxk fn;kA blfy, bldk uke gfj'kpanz ?kkV iM+kA
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